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Summary of Medical Literature |
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Hypnosis (25) |
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| There
are 6 studies looking at the effectiveness of hypnosis on anticipatory
nausea and vomiting (ANV). There are 12 studies looking at the
effectiveness of hypnosis on pain and anxiety during painful
procedures (e.g., lumbar punctures and bone marrow aspirations).
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| ANV |
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| Contanch
P, Hockenberry M, Herman S. Self-ypnosis as antiemetic
therapy in children receiving chemotherapy. Oncology Nursing
Forum 12:4;41-6, 1985. |
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Randomized
Controlled Trial. |
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| Results:
20 children randomized to standard protocol or self-hypnosis/relaxation
experimental group. In the experimental group there was
a statistically significant decrease in intensity and
severity of nausea and vomiting, and a significant increase
in oral intake post chemotherapy. |
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| Hawkins
P, Liossi C, Ewart B et al. Hypnotherapy for control of
anticipatory nausea and vomiting in children with cancer:
preliminary findings. Psycho-Oncology 4:101-6, 1995 |
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Randomized
Controlled Trial. |
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| Results:
In 30 patients, hypnosis was found to relieve anticipatory
nausea and vomiting significantly better, as compared
with therapist contact and no therapy (control group). |
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| Jacknow
D, Tschann J, Link M et al. Hypnosis in the prevention
of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in children:
a prospective study. J Dev Beh Pediatr 15:258-64, 1994. |
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Randomized
Controlled Trial, single blinded.. |
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| Results:
Twenty patients receiving chemotherapy were randomized
to two groups, one receiving hypnosis, the other a control.
The study observed the effectiveness of hypnosis in decreasing
antiemetic medication and the effectiveness in alleviating
the side effects of nausea and vomiting. The patients
receiving hypnosis took less antiemetic medication in
both the first course chemotherapy (P<.04) and the second
course (P<.02). |
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| Redd
W, Andresen G, Minagawa R. Hypnotic control of anticipatory
emesis in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50:14-9, 1982. |
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Single
group intervention. |
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| Results:
Patients were trained in hypnosis and imagery to control
anticipatory nausea and vomiting. They all reported decreases
in nausea/vomiting before and during chemotherapy sessions.
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| Zeltzer
L, Kellerman J, Ellenberg L, Dash J. Hypnosis for reduction
of vomiting associated with chemotherapy and disease in
adolescents with cancer. Journal of Adolescent Health
Care 4(2):77-84, 1983. |
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Single
group intervention. |
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| Results:
Hypnosis was found to be effective in a group of adolescents
undergoing treatment for cancer. |
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| Zeltzer
L, LeBaron S, Zeltzer P. The effectiveness of behavioral
intervention for reduction of nausea and vomiting in children
and adolescents receiving chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical
Oncology 2:6;683-90, 1984. |
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Controlled
trial. |
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| Results:
19 patients received hypnosis or counseling. Both interventions
resulted in a decrease in nausea and vomiting. |
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| Pain
& Anxiety |
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| Harper
G. A developmentally sensitive approach to clinical hypnosis
for chronically and terminally ill adolescents. American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 42(1):50-60, 1999. |
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Case
Series |
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| Results:
This paper discusses the technique of hypnosis and why
it can help adolescents who are ill. Several case reports
are presented. One described a teenager with a brain tumor
who reported that hypnosis helped with pain relief and
that when he was taught self-hypnosis he gained a sense
of control over his life. |
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| Hockenberry
M, Bologna-Vaughan S. Relaxation techniques in children
with cancer: the nurse's role. J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nursing
5:1-2;7-11, 1988. |
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Single
group intervention. |
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| Results:
15 children with cancer underwent relaxation training,
including hypnosis. This study suggested that coping with
painful procedures was better with the training. |
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| Katz
E, Kellerman J, Ellenberg L. Hypnosis in the reduction
of acute pain and distress in children with cancer. J
Pediatr Psychol 12:379-94, 1987 |
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Observational,
longitudinal study. |
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| Results:
In 36 patients with ALL, both hypnosis and play therapy
reduced pain and distress during aversive medical procedures. |
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| Kellerman
J, Zeltzer L, Ellenberg L, et al. Adolescents with cancer.
Journal of Adolescent Health Care 4:85-90, 1983. |
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Single
group intervention. |
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| Results:
16 of 18 adolescents trained in hypnosis showed a reducti
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| Kuttner
K. Favorite stories: a hypnotic pain-reduction technique
for children in acute pain. Am J Clin Hypn 30:289-95,
1988 |
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Controlled
trial. |
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| Results:
The group that received hypnotic suggestion and reframing
had more therapeutic benefit than standard treatment or
distraction techniques. |
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| Kuttner
L, Bowman M, Teasdale M. Psychological treatment of distress,
pain, and anxiety for young children with cancer. J Dev
Behav Pediatr 9:374-82, 1988. |
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Randomized
Controlled Trial. |
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| Results:
30 leukemia patients were randomized to standard treatment
vs. hypnotic/imaginative involvement vs distraction during
bone marrow aspirations. For the younger children hypnosis/imaginative
involvement reduced stress the best. For older kids, both
distraction and hypnosis/imagery reduced pain and anxiety.on
in distress and anxiety associated with lumbar punctures,
bone marrow aspirations, and chemotherapy. |
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| Hilgard
J, LeBaron S. Relief of anxiety and pain in children and
adolescents with cancer: quantitative measures and clinical
observations. Int J Clin Hypnosis 30:417-22, 1982 |
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Single
group intervention. |
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| Results:
24 children undergoing bone marrow aspirations were successful
in reducing self-reported pain below baseline levels with
hypnosis. |
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| Miller,
J.A. Hypnosis in a boy with leukemia. The American Journal
of Clinical Hypnosis. 22: 231-235, 1980. |
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Case
study. |
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| Results:
A case history of a 9-year old boy with ALL who had tremendous
anxiety over his illness. His anxiety interfered with
treatment and his social interactions upon during treatment
and upon entering remission. The hypnosis was successful
in helping the 9-year old boy cope with his anxiety. |
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| Valente,
S.M. Using hypnosis with children for pain management.
Oncology Nursing Forum. 18: 699-704, 1991. |
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Review
paper. |
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| Results:
Discusses the research, misconceptions, strategies, and
potential contraindications in managing pain in children
with cancer with hypnosis. |
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| Hockenberry-Eaton
M, Contach P. Evaluation of a child’s perceived self-competence
during treatment for cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology
Nursing 6:3;55-62, 1989. |
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Randomized
Controlled Trial. |
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| Results:
22 children were assigned to self-hypnosis or standard
care group. The self-hypnosis group maintained a higher
level of self-competence ratings during treatment than
did the control group. |
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| Wall
V, Womack W. Hypnotic versus active cognitive strategies
for aleviation of procedural distress in pediatric oncology
patients. Am J Clin Hypn 31:181-91, 1989 |
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Observational
study. |
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| Results:
In 20 patients the pain during bone marrow aspirations
or lumbar punctures was reduced in both the hypnotic group
and the cognitive group. Neither technique reduced anxiety
though. |
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| Zeltzer
L, LeBaron S. Hypnosis and nonhypnotic techniques for
reduction of pain and anxiety during painful procedures
in children and adolescents with cancer. The Journal of
Pediatrics 101:1032-1035, 1982. |
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Randomized
trial. |
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| Results:
Patients were randomized to two groups, one receiving
hypnotic therapy and the control group receiving nonhypnotic
behavioral therapy in efforts to help reduce the pain
and anxiety in 27 children undergoing bone marrow aspirations
and 22 children undergoing lumbar punctures. In the children
undergoing bone marrow aspirations, a significant decrease
in pain in the hypnotic group (P<0.001) versus the nonhypnotic
group (P<0.01) was reported. Children undergoing lumbar
punctures also incurred less pain in the group receiving
the hypnosis (P<0.001). Anxiety was decreased more in
both groups receiving hypnosis versus controls. (P values
in the bone marrow aspiration and lumbar punctures were
P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively.) |
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| Zeltzer,
LK, Dolgin, MJ, LeBaron, S, LeBaron, C. A Randomized, Controlled Study of Behavioral Intervention for Chemotherapy Distress in Children with Cancer. Pediatrics. 88(1):34-42, 1991.
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Fifty-four children and adolescents with various types of cancer were randomized to either hypnosis, non-hypnotic/distraction therapy, or placebo to assess the effect on chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting. Subjects in the hypnosis group and non-hypnotic/distraction therapy group had significantly shorter duration of nausea. The hypnosis group also had shorter duration of vomiting. Overall trends found subjects in the hypnosis group had a general improvement of symptoms without decline; whereas, subjects in the control group had worsened symptoms. |
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| Case Reports |
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| Silva, M. "May the force be with you" hypnotherapy with a leukemic child. Psycoth Private Practice 8:49-54, 1990. |
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Postive
findings |
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| Kaufman
K, Tarnowski K, Olson R. Self-regulation treatment to
reduce the aversiveness of cancer chemotherapy. J Adolesc
Health Care 10:323-7, 1989 |
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Postive
findings |
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| LaClave
L, Blix S. Hypnosis in the management of symptoms in a
young girl with malignant astrocytoma: a challenge to
the therapist. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 37:6-14, 1989 |
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Postive
findings |
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| Ellenberg
L, Kellerman J, Dash J. Use of hypnosis for multiple symptoms
in an adolescent girl with leukemia. Journal of Adolescent
Health Care 1:132-6, 1980. |
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Postive
findings |
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| Pettit
G. Adjunctive trance and family therapy for terminal cancer.
New Zealand Medical Journal 89(627):18-21,1979. |
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Postive
findings |
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| Gardner
G. Childhood, death, and human dignity: hypnotherapy for
David. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Hypnosis 23(2):122-39, 1976. |
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Postive
findings |
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